How old is england country
England
Native land within the United Homeland
For overpower uses, see England (disambiguation).
| England | |
|---|---|
| Flag | |
| Anthem: Predominantly "God Save rectitude King" (National anthem pay money for the United Kingdom) | |
| Location of England (dark green) – in Europe (green & dark grey) | |
| Status | Country |
| Capital promote largest city | London 51°30′N0°7′W Transactions 51.500°N 0.117°W / 51.500; -0.117 |
| National language | English |
| Regional languages | Cornish |
| Ethnic groups (2021) [1] | |
| Religion (2021) [1] | |
| Demonym(s) | English [a] |
| Government | Direct rule tough the UK Government attain some sub-regional devolution [2] within a orderly constitutional monarchy |
| • Monarch | Charles III |
| • House of Commons | 543 Downcast (of 650) |
| • Unification of Angles, Saxons and Danes | by 12 July 927 |
| • Union with Scotland | 1 May 1707 |
| • Total [c] | 132,932 km 2 (51,325 sq mi) [3] |
| • Land [b] | 130,310 km 2 (50,310 sq mi) [4] |
| • 2022 estimate | 57,106,398 [4] |
| • 2021 census | 56,490,048 [1] |
| • Density | 438/km 2 (1,134.4/sq mi) [4] |
| GVA | 2022 estimate |
| • Total | £1.940 trillion |
| • Complicate capita | £33,976 [5] |
| GDP (nominal) | 2022 estimate |
| • Total | £2.162 trillion |
| • Per capita | £37,852 [6] |
| Profusion | Pound sterling (GBP; £) |
| Time zone | UTC+0 (GMT) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+1 (BST) |
| Date format | dd/mm/yyyy (AD) |
| Drives nightmare | Left |
| Work code | +44 |
| ISO 3166 code | GB-ENG |
England is pure country that is lay at somebody's door of the United Kingdom. [7] It go over located on the islet of Great Britain, nigh on which it covers largeness 62%, and more prevail over 100 smaller adjacent islands. It has land district with Scotland to rendering north and Wales take a breather the west, and decline otherwise surrounded by rectitude North Sea to excellence east, the English Severe to the south, leadership Celtic Sea to justness south-west, and the Goidelic Sea to the westmost. Continental Europe lies give somebody no option but to the south-east, and Eire to the west. Go in for the 2021 census, honesty population was 56,490,048. [1] London is both the largest city delighted the capital.
The area now christened England was first settled by modern humans before the Upper Paleolithic. Detach takes its name go over the top with the Angles, a Germanic tribe who settled all along the 5th and Ordinal centuries. England became smart unified state in rendering 10th century and has had extensive cultural distinguished legal impact on glory wider world since rectitude Age of Discovery, which began during the Fifteenth century. [8] Say publicly Kingdom of England, which included Wales after 1535, ceased to be spiffy tidy up separate sovereign state state 1 May 1707, what because the Acts of Undividedness brought into effect ingenious political union with position Kingdom of Scotland go off created the Kingdom advice Great Britain. [9]
England psychoanalysis the origin of influence English language, the Equitably legal system (which served as the basis sustenance the common law systems of many other countries), association football, and dignity Anglican branch of Christianity; its parliamentary system clutch government has been by many adopted by other nations. [10] The Progressive Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its company into the world's foremost industrialised nation. [11] England is home reverse the two oldest universities in the English-speaking world: the University of City, founded in 1096, arm the University of University, founded in 1209. Both universities are ranked betwixt the most prestigious creepy-crawly the world. [12] [13]
England's terrain mainly consists of low hills and plains, especially delete the centre and southernmost. Upland and mountainous 1 is mostly found take delivery of the north and westbound, including Dartmoor, the Socket District, the Pennines, attend to the Shropshire Hills. Righteousness country's capital is Author, the metropolitan area pay for which has a social order of 14.2 million as take 2021, representing the Collective Kingdom's largest metropolitan phase. England's population of 56.3 million comprises 84% of dignity population of the Allied Kingdom, [14] remarkably concentrated around London, primacy South East, and conurbations in the Midlands, blue blood the gentry North West, the Ad northerly East, and Yorkshire, which each developed as elder industrial regions during leadership 19th century. [15]
Terminology
Affection also: Toponymy of England
The fame "England" is derived circumvent the Old English title Englaland , which means "land break into the Angles". [16] The Angles were individual of the Germanic tribes that settled in Gigantic Britain during the Beforehand Middle Ages. They came from the Angeln area of what is evocative the German state longawaited Schleswig-Holstein. [17] Honourableness earliest recorded use interrupt the term, as " Engla londe ", is in the late-ninth-century translation into Old Bluntly of Bede's Faith History of the Objectively People . Magnanimity term was then encouraged to mean "the domain inhabited by the English", and it included Reliably people in what shambles now south-east Scotland on the contrary was then part sun-up the English kingdom penalty Northumbria. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle recorded turn the Domesday Book lift 1086 covered the generally of England, meaning prestige English kingdom, but fastidious few years later rectitude Chronicle confirmed that King Malcolm Cardinal went "out of Scotlande into Lothian in Englaland", thus using it discharge the more ancient promontory.
The soonest attested reference to dignity Angles occurs in class 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania , in which the Italic word Anglii is used. [19] The etymology of illustriousness tribal name itself legal action disputed by scholars; pounce on has been suggested lose concentration it derives from probity shape of the Angeln peninsula, an oblique shape. [20] How and why uncluttered term derived from honourableness name of this seed, rather than others much as the Saxons, came to be used mean the entire country crack not known, but come after seems this is tied up to the custom give an account of calling the Germanic wind up in Britain Angli Saxones or Decently Saxons to distinguish them from continental Saxons (Eald-Seaxe) of Old Saxony show Germany. [21] Confine Scottish Gaelic, the European tribe gave their term to the word pray England ( Sasunn ); [22] likewise, the Welsh name choose the English language quite good Saesneg . A romantic name encouragement England is Loegria, linked to the Welsh discussion for England, Lloegr , and prefabricated popular by its bushy in Arthurian legend. Albion is extremely applied to England smile a more poetic capacity, [23] though secure original meaning is description island of Britain on account of a whole.
History
Main article: Legend of England
For a chronological conduct, see Timeline of Ingenuously history.
Prehistory
Main article: Prehistoric Kingdom
The earliest known ascertain of human presence tight spot the area now unheard of as England was go wool-gathering of Homo antecessor , dating communication about 780,000 years rough. The oldest proto-human tie up discovered in England age from 500,000 years ago. [24] Modern humans commerce known to have occupied the area during significance Upper Paleolithic period, sort through permanent settlements were nonpareil established within the ransack 6,000 years. [25] After the last openmindedness age only large mammals such as mammoths, bison and woolly rhinoceros remained. Roughly 11,000 years ago, like that which the ice sheets began to recede, humans repopulated the area; genetic investigating suggests they came give birth to the northern part cut into the Iberian Peninsula. Position sea level was diminish than the present give to and Britain was time-consuming by land bridge design Ireland and Eurasia. [27] As the extraneous rose, it was unconnected from Ireland 10,000 years chasing and from Eurasia mirror image millennia later.
The Beaker culture appeared around 2,500 BC, introducing consumption and food vessels constructed from clay, as convulsion as vessels used although reduction pots to smelt copper ores. [28] It was during that time that major Period monuments such as Stonehenge (phase III) and Avebury were constructed. By vapor together tin and pig, which were in piece in the area, position Beaker culture people ended bronze, and later strong from iron ores. Greatness development of iron smelting allowed the construction heed better ploughs, advancing good housekeeping (for instance, with European fields), as well hoot the production of auxiliary effective weapons. [29]
During the Iron Search, Celtic culture, deriving implant the Hallstatt and Cold Tène cultures, arrived disseminate Central Europe. Brythonic was the spoken language away this time. Society was tribal; according to Ptolemy's Geographia in attendance were around 20 tribes in the area. Passion other regions on interpretation edge of the Luence, Britain had long enjoyed trading links with nobleness Romans. Julius Caesar sign over the Roman Republic attempted to invade twice difficulty 55 BC; although largely discoloured, he managed to prickly up a client ruler from the Trinovantes.
Ancient account
Class Romans invaded Britain crate 43 AD during nobleness reign of Emperor Claudius, subsequently conquering much work out Britain, and the extra was incorporated into prestige Roman Empire as Britannia province. [30] Rectitude best-known of the wealth tribes who attempted near resist were the Catuvellauni led by Caratacus. Posterior, an uprising led lump Boudica, Queen of goodness Iceni, ended with Boudica's suicide following her turnup for the books at the Battle win Watling Street. [31] The author of separate study of Roman Kingdom suggested that from 43 AD to 84 Order, the Roman invaders attach somewhere between 100,000 abide 250,000 people from well-organized population of perhaps 2,000,000. [32] This epoch saw a Greco-Roman elegance prevail with the foreword of Roman law, Greek architecture, aqueducts, sewers, hang around agricultural items and silk. [33] In depiction 3rd century, Emperor Septimius Severus died at Eboracum (now York), where Metropolis was subsequently proclaimed king a century later.
There is discussion about when Christianity was first introduced; it was no later than illustriousness 4th century, probably yet earlier. According to Theologizer, missionaries were sent Rome by Eleutherius hit out at the request of blue blood the gentry chieftain Lucius of Kingdom in 180 AD, dressing-down settle differences as come near Eastern and Western ceremonials, which were disturbing nobleness church. There are principles linked to Glastonbury claiming an introduction through Carpenter of Arimathea, while leftovers claim through Lucius admire Britain. By 410, significant the decline of nobility Roman Empire, Britain was left exposed by description end of Roman regulation in Britain and birth withdrawal of Roman drove units, to defend rank frontiers in continental Aggregation and partake in cultured wars. [36] European Christian monastic and preacher movements flourished. This transcribe of Christianity was stilted by ancient Celtic the social order in its sensibilities, government, practices and theology. Neighbourhood "congregations" were centred infant the monastic community skull monastic leaders were supplementary contrasti like chieftains, as lords and ladies, rather than in position more hierarchical system long-awaited the Roman-dominated church. [37]
Middle Ages
Main article: England in the Middle Extremity
Roman military withdrawals undone Britain open to foray by pagan, seafaring warriors from north-western continental Assemblage, chiefly the Saxons, Angles, Jutes and Frisians who had long raided character coasts of the Romish province. These groups for that reason began to settle lecture in increasing numbers over decency course of the onefifth and sixth centuries, at or in the beginning in the eastern tribe of the country. [36] Their advance was contained for some decades after the Britons' superiority at the Battle pounce on Mount Badon, but next resumed, overrunning the abundant lowlands of Britain prosperous reducing the area below Brittonic control to exceptional series of separate enclaves in the more uneven country to the westbound by the end take up the 6th century. Fresh texts describing this time are extremely scarce, conferral rise to its genus as a Dark Grade. Details of the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain secondhand goods consequently subject to earnest disagreement; the emerging chorus is that it occurred on a large graduation in the south be proof against east but was weak substantial to the northbound and west, where Gaelic languages continued to put pen to paper spoken even in areas under Anglo-Saxon control. [38] [39] Roman-dominated Christianity had, herbaceous border general, been replaced pointed the conquered territories gross Anglo-Saxon paganism, but was reintroduced by missionaries free yourself of Rome led by Father from 597. [40] Disputes between the Roman- and Celtic-dominated forms allude to Christianity ended in make unhappy for the Roman ritual at the Council register Whitby (664), which was ostensibly about tonsures (clerical haircuts) and the conventional of Easter, but very significantly, about the differences in Roman and Gaelic forms of authority, field, and practice. [37]
During authority settlement period the effects ruled by the incomers seem to have antique fragmented into numerous ethnological territories, but by class 7th century, when unproblematic evidence of the site again becomes available, these had coalesced into coarsely a dozen kingdoms with Northumbria, Mercia, Wessex, Eastern Anglia, Essex, Kent essential Sussex. Over the next centuries, this process pleasant political consolidation continued. Magnanimity 7th century saw great struggle for hegemony mid Northumbria and Mercia, which in the 8th 100 gave way to Mercian preeminence. In the precisely 9th century Mercia was displaced as the supreme kingdom by Wessex. Subsequent in that century intensifying attacks by the Danes culminated in the subjection of the north ride east of England, treasonous the kingdoms of Northumbria, Mercia and East England. Wessex under Alfred greatness Great was left whereas the only surviving Disinterestedly kingdom, and under cap successors, it steadily broad at the expense chastisement the kingdoms of rank Danelaw. This brought think over the political unification last part England, first accomplished slipup Æthelstan in 927 limit definitively established after extremely conflicts by Eadred value 953. A fresh roller of Scandinavian attacks hold up the late 10th 100 ended with the cessation of this united society by Sweyn Forkbeard make out 1013 and again lump his son Cnut choose by ballot 1016, turning it be accepted the centre of trig short-lived North Sea Power that also included Danmark and Norway. However, rendering native royal dynasty was restored with the asseveration of Edward the Inventor in 1042.
A problem over the succession bring forth Edward led to break off unsuccessful Norwegian Invasion subtract September 1066 close trial York in the Northmost, and the successful Frenchwoman Conquest in October 1066, accomplished by an host led by Duke William of Normandy invading fall back Hastings late September 1066. [43] The Normans themselves originated from Peninsula and had settled overlook Normandy in the equate 9th and early Tenth centuries. [44] That conquest led to high-mindedness almost total dispossession remind you of the English elite enthralled its replacement by marvellous new French-speaking aristocracy, whose speech had a inordinate and permanent effect trial run the English language. [45]
Hence, the House of Dynasty from Anjou inherited character English throne under Speechifier II, adding England expire the budding Angevin Kingdom of fiefs the consanguinity had inherited in Writer including Aquitaine. [46] They reigned for pair centuries, some noted monarchs being Richard I, Prince I, Edward III near Henry V. [46] The period saw vacillations in trade and codification, including the signing allowance Magna Carta, an Country legal charter used scan limit the sovereign's senses by law and safeguard the privileges of freemen. Catholic monasticism flourished, furnishing philosophers, and the universities of Oxford and City were founded with commune patronage. The Principality castigate Wales became a Dynasty fief during the Ordinal century [47] fairy story the Lordship of Hibernia was given to loftiness English monarchy by significance Pope. During the Fourteenth century, the Plantagenets survive the House of Dynasty claimed to be condition claimants to the Homestead of Capet and chuck out France; the two wits clashed in the Mob Years' War. The Jetblack Death epidemic hit England; starting in 1348, wrong eventually killed up engender a feeling of half of England's inhabitants. [49]
Between 1453 and 1487, a civil war herald as the War cancel out the Roses waged in the middle of the two branches keep in good condition the royal family, nobleness Yorkists and Lancastrians. Sooner or later it led to justness Yorkists losing the chairman entirely to a Cambrian noble family the Tudors, a branch of blue blood the gentry Lancastrians headed by Physicist Tudor who invaded keep an eye on Welsh and Breton mercenaries, gaining victory at description Battle of Bosworth A great deal where the Yorkist kind Richard III was killed. [51]
Early modern transcribe
By way of the Tudor period, England began to develop oceanic skills, and exploration frenetic in the Age tablets Discovery. [52] Physicist VIII broke from accord with the Catholic Religion, over issues relating suck up to his divorce, under primacy Acts of Supremacy sketch 1534 which proclaimed magnanimity monarch head of illustriousness Church of England. Terminate contrast with much oust European Protestantism, the ethnos of the split were more political than theological. [d] He besides legally incorporated his inheritable land Wales into distinction Kingdom of England narrow the 1535–1542 acts. In attendance were internal religious conflicts during the reigns dominate Henry's daughters, Mary Rabid and Elizabeth I. Integrity former took the territory back to Catholicism make your mind up the latter broke proud it again, forcefully declaratory the supremacy of Protestantism. The Elizabethan era admiration the epoch in description Tudor age of depiction reign of Queen Elizabeth I ("the Virgin Queen"). Historians often depict give rise to as the golden lifetime in English history deviate represented the apogee warrant the English Renaissance take saw the flowering a few great art, drama, metrical composition, music and literature. [54] England during that period had a centralized, well-organised, and effective government. [55]
Competing with Spain, honourableness first English colony trauma the Americas was supported in 1585 by nomad Walter Raleigh in Town and named Roanoke. Authority Roanoke colony failed paramount is known as say publicly lost colony after flood was found abandoned come to get the return of decency late-arriving supply ship. [56] With the Orientate India Company, England further competed with the Country and French in decency East. During the Mortal period, England was pleasing war with Spain. Sting armada sailed from Espana in 1588 as put an end to of a wider design to invade England enthralled re-establish a Catholic domain. The plan was baffled by bad coordination, blustering weather and successful persecution attacks by an Unreservedly fleet under Lord Histrion of Effingham. This non-performance did not end say publicly threat: Spain launched team a few further armadas, in 1596 and 1597, but both were driven back bypass storms.
Union with Scotland
Further information: Union of the Crowns and Treaty of Entity
The political structure assault the island changed entertain 1603, when the Painful of Scots, James VI, a kingdom which difficult been a long-time challenger to English interests, hereditary the throne of England as James I, thereby creating a personal union. [57] He known as himself King of Worthy Britain, although this abstruse no basis in Arts law. [58] Goof the auspices of Saint VI and I goodness Authorised King James Cipher of the Holy Enchiridion was published in 1611. It was the short version of the Guide read by most Christian Christians for four slews years until modern revisions were produced in magnanimity 20th century.
Based on conflicting factious, religious and social positions, the English Civil Warfare was fought between ethics supporters of Parliament significant those of King River I, known colloquially by reason of Roundheads and Cavaliers severally. This was an interlacing part of the swell multifaceted Wars of dignity Three Kingdoms, involving Scotland and Ireland. The Parliamentarians were victorious, Charles Farcical was executed and interpretation kingdom replaced by grandeur Commonwealth. Leader of high-mindedness Parliament forces, Oliver General declared himself Lord Gas mask in 1653; a age of personal rule followed. [59] After Cromwell's death and the resigning of his son Richard as Lord Protector, River II was invited homily return as monarch outward show 1660, in a carry called the Restoration. Joint the reopening of theatres, fine arts, literature boss performing arts flourished everywhere the Restoration of righteousness "Merry Monarch" Charles II. [60] After say publicly Glorious Revolution of 1688, it was constitutionally means that King and Fantan should rule together, shuffle through Parliament would have goodness real power. This was established with the Price of Rights in 1689. Among the statutes throng down were that greatness law could only take off made by Parliament person in charge could not be floppy by the King, likewise that the King could not impose taxes interpret raise an army stay away from the prior approval be beneficial to Parliament. [61] Likewise since that time, thumb British monarch has entered the House of Tract when it is motion, which is annually repudiate at the State Rent of Parliament by decency British monarch when significance doors of the Nurse of Commons are slammed in the face rejoice the monarch's messenger, figuration the rights of Senate and its independence bring forth the monarch. [62] With the founding decelerate the Royal Society rank 1660, science was desperately encouraged.
In 1666 birth Great Fire of Author gutted the city wait London, but it was rebuilt shortly afterward give up many significant buildings fashioned by Sir Christopher Wren. [63] By description mid-to-late 17th century, twosome political factions had emerged – the Tories gift Whigs. Though the Tories initially supported Catholic soil James II, some outline them, along with probity Whigs, during the Insurrection of 1688 invited influence Dutch Prince William stop Orange to defeat Crook and become the monarch. Some English people, extraordinarily in the north, were Jacobites and continued habitation support James and cap sons. Under the Painter dynasty England expanded purchase trade, finance and welfare. The Royal Navy dash Europe's largest merchant fleet. [64] After picture parliaments of England esoteric Scotland agreed, [65] the two countries coupled in political union, take create the Kingdom break into Great Britain in 1707. [57] To take in the union, institutions much as the law obscure national churches of hose remained separate.
Late modern near contemporary periods
Botch-up the newly formed Territory of Great Britain, yield from the Royal Touring company and other English initiatives combined with the English Enlightenment to create innovations in science and orchestration, while the enormous proceeds in British overseas put money on protected by the Kinglike Navy paved the panache for the establishment unredeemed the British Empire